{"id":439990,"date":"2023-12-27T17:15:29","date_gmt":"2023-12-27T16:15:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.eenewseurope.com\/?p=439990"},"modified":"2023-12-27T17:17:23","modified_gmt":"2023-12-27T16:17:23","slug":"un-algorithme-entraine-des-reseaux-de-neurones-physiques-profonds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ecinews.fr\/fr\/un-algorithme-entraine-des-reseaux-de-neurones-physiques-profonds\/","title":{"rendered":"Un algorithme entra\u00eene des r\u00e9seaux de neurones physiques profonds"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Un algorithme d&rsquo;apprentissage permet de surmonter les obstacles aux r\u00e9seaux neuronaux physiques profonds<\/h2>\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 traiter de grandes quantit\u00e9s de donn\u00e9es par \u00ab\u00a0apprentissage\u00a0\u00bb algorithmique plut\u00f4t que par programmation traditionnelle, le potentiel des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux profonds tels que Chat-GPT semble souvent illimit\u00e9. Mais \u00e0 mesure que la port\u00e9e et l&rsquo;impact de ces syst\u00e8mes se sont accrus, leur taille, leur complexit\u00e9 et leur consommation d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie se sont \u00e9galement accrues &#8211; cette derni\u00e8re \u00e9tant suffisamment importante pour susciter des inqui\u00e9tudes quant \u00e0 leur contribution aux \u00e9missions de carbone mondiales.<\/p>\n<p>Alors que l&rsquo;on pense souvent aux progr\u00e8s technologiques en termes de passage de l&rsquo;analogique au num\u00e9rique, les chercheurs cherchent d\u00e9sormais des r\u00e9ponses \u00e0 ce probl\u00e8me dans des alternatives physiques aux r\u00e9seaux neuronaux profonds num\u00e9riques. L&rsquo;un de ces chercheurs est Romain Fleury, du Laboratoire d&rsquo;ing\u00e9nierie des ondes de la Facult\u00e9 des sciences et techniques de l&rsquo;ing\u00e9nieur de l&rsquo;EPFL. Dans un article publi\u00e9 dans <em>Science<\/em>, lui et ses coll\u00e8gues d\u00e9crivent un algorithme d&rsquo;apprentissage des syst\u00e8mes physiques qui pr\u00e9sente une vitesse et une robustesse accrues ainsi qu&rsquo;une consommation d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie r\u00e9duite par rapport \u00e0 d&rsquo;autres m\u00e9thodes.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u00a0Nous avons test\u00e9 avec succ\u00e8s notre algorithme d&rsquo;aprentissage sur trois syst\u00e8mes physiques bas\u00e9s sur des ondes qui utilisent des ondes sonores, des ondes lumineuses et des micro-ondes pour transporter l&rsquo;information, plut\u00f4t que des \u00e9lectrons. Mais notre approche polyvalente peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e pour former n&rsquo;importe quel syst\u00e8me physique\u00a0\u00bb, explique Ali Momeni, premier auteur et chercheur au LWE.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Une approche \u00abbiologiquement plus plausible\u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Avec l\u2019entra\u00eenement des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux, les syst\u00e8mes apprennent \u00e0 g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des valeurs optimales de param\u00e8tres pour une t\u00e2che telle que la reconnaissance d\u2019images ou de la parole. L\u2019entra\u00eenement des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux comporte g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement deux \u00e9tapes: un passage vers l\u2019avant, o\u00f9 les donn\u00e9es sont envoy\u00e9es \u00e0 travers le r\u00e9seau et une fonction d\u2019erreur est calcul\u00e9e sur la base de la sortie; et un passage vers l\u2019arri\u00e8re (appel\u00e9 aussi r\u00e9tropropagation), o\u00f9 un gradient de la fonction d\u2019erreur est calcul\u00e9 par rapport \u00e0 tous les param\u00e8tres du r\u00e9seau.<\/p>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s plusieurs it\u00e9rations, le syst\u00e8me se met \u00e0 jour sur la base de ces deux calculs afin de fournir des valeurs de plus en plus pr\u00e9cises. Le probl\u00e8me? En plus d\u2019\u00eatre tr\u00e8s \u00e9nergivore, la r\u00e9tropropagation est peu adapt\u00e9e aux syst\u00e8mes physiques. En effet, l\u2019entra\u00eenement de syst\u00e8mes physiques n\u00e9cessite g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un jumeau num\u00e9rique pour l\u2019\u00e9tape de r\u00e9tropropagation, ce qui est inefficace et comporte un risque de d\u00e9calage entre la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 et la simulation.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019id\u00e9e des scientifiques \u00e9tait de remplacer l\u2019\u00e9tape de r\u00e9tropropagation par un second passage vers l\u2019avant dans le syst\u00e8me physique pour mettre \u00e0 jour chaque couche du r\u00e9seau localement. En plus de baisser la consommation d\u2019\u00e9nergie et d\u2019\u00e9liminer la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019avoir un jumeau num\u00e9rique, cette m\u00e9thode refl\u00e8te mieux l\u2019apprentissage humain.<\/p>\n<p>\u00abLa structure des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux s\u2019inspire du cerveau, mais il est peu probable que ce dernier apprenne par le biais de la r\u00e9tropropagation, explique Ali Momeni. L\u2019id\u00e9e est que si nous entra\u00eenons chaque couche physique localement, nous pouvons utiliser notre syst\u00e8me physique r\u00e9el au lieu de commencer par cr\u00e9er un mod\u00e8le num\u00e9rique de celui-ci. Nous avons donc d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 une approche biologiquement plus plausible.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Les scientifiques de l\u2019EPFL, en collaboration avec Philipp del Hougne de l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ietr.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IETR du CNRS<\/a> et Babak Rahmani de Microsoft Research, ont utilis\u00e9 leur algorithme d\u2019apprentissage local physique (PhyLL) pour entra\u00eener des syst\u00e8mes acoustiques et micro-ondes exp\u00e9rimentaux et un syst\u00e8me optique mod\u00e9lis\u00e9 afin de classer des donn\u00e9es comme des sons de voyelles et des images. En plus de pr\u00e9senter une pr\u00e9cision comparable \u00e0 celle de l\u2019entra\u00eenement bas\u00e9 sur la r\u00e9tropropagation, la m\u00e9thode s\u2019est r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e fiable et adaptable, m\u00eame dans les syst\u00e8mes expos\u00e9s \u00e0 des perturbations externes impr\u00e9visibles, par rapport aux m\u00e9thodes actuelles.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Un futur analogique?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Alors que l\u2019approche du LWE est le premier entra\u00eenement sans r\u00e9tropropagation de r\u00e9seaux neuronaux physiques profonds, certaines mises \u00e0 jour num\u00e9riques des param\u00e8tres restent n\u00e9cessaires. \u00abC\u2019est une approche d\u2019entra\u00eenement hybride, mais notre objectif est de r\u00e9duire autant que possible le calcul num\u00e9rique\u00bb, indique Ali Momeni.<\/p>\n<p>Les scientifiques esp\u00e8rent maintenant mettre en \u0153uvre leur algorithme sur un syst\u00e8me optique \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle afin d\u2019augmenter l\u2019extensibilit\u00e9 du r\u00e9seau.<\/p>\n<p>\u00abDans nos exp\u00e9riences, nous avons utilis\u00e9 des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux comportant jusqu\u2019\u00e0 10 couches, mais cela fonctionnerait-il encore avec 100 couches et des milliards de param\u00e8tres? Ce sera la prochaine \u00e9tape. Elle n\u00e9cessitera de surmonter les limites techniques des syst\u00e8mes physiques\u00bb, conclut le chercheur.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/news.epfl.ch\/news\/training-algorithm-breaks-barriers-to-deep-physi-4\/\">&#8230; en savoir plus<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un algorithme d&rsquo;apprentissage permet de surmonter les obstacles aux r\u00e9seaux neuronaux physiques profonds Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 traiter de grandes quantit\u00e9s de donn\u00e9es par \u00ab\u00a0apprentissage\u00a0\u00bb algorithmique plut\u00f4t que par programmation traditionnelle, le potentiel des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux profonds tels que Chat-GPT semble souvent illimit\u00e9. Mais \u00e0 mesure que la port\u00e9e et l&rsquo;impact de ces syst\u00e8mes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":439988,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3669,883],"tags":[5490,5447,5491],"domains":[47],"ppma_author":[1153,1139],"class_list":["post-439990","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nouvelles","category-technologies","tag-algorithmes","tag-epfl-fr","tag-reseau-de-neurones","domains-electronique-eci"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Un algorithme entra\u00eene des r\u00e9seaux de neurones physiques prof...<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Un algorithme d&#039;apprentissage d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#039;EPFL fait tomber les barri\u00e8res des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux physiques profonds\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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