Although I used op amps in many feedback loops over the years, the subject of transconductance op amps versus voltage feedback op amps has always intrigued me. Therefore, I thought it would be a good issue for the Planet Analog audience to debate. Incidentally, these devices are often referred to as OTA\u2019s for Operational Transconductance Amplifiers.<\/p>\n
OTA\u2019s perform a transconductance operation where a voltage input becomes an output current. Voltage Operational Amplifiers output a voltage based on the differential voltage of an input.<\/p>\n
First and foremost, I don\u2019t consider myself to be an authority on the subject of op amps. I simply closed feedback loops as per the type of op amp that I chose in the PWM IC that I employed to control a power supply. Most of these supplies switched at a rate of hundreds of kHz with a range up to the MHz on occasion. Some were in the tens of kHz range. With Nyquist criteria for a roll off of less than half the switching frequency, it\u2019s easy to see that I wasn\u2019t even close to the bandwidth of a typical op amp. Furthermore, as long as I employed proper signal acquisition and precautions such as grounding and sensing, I really didn\u2019t have to worry too much about noise considerations.<\/p>\n
However, realize that a power supply and a switching power supply in particular, generates a fair amount of noise. There were some simple \u201crules of thumb\u201d that often made the creation of a stable feedback loop much easier. One of which was when using a capacitor and resistor in series while feeding back a voltage op amp, the capacitor should be tied to the low impedance output in order to avoid coupling noise into the high impedance input. To this day, I see these components reversed. And yes, that was once an interview question that I aced.<\/p>\n
One of the benefits of my career was the ability to work with the IC designers in addition to working in the creation of the module level power supply that used the controllers. I once asked a designer why they used transconductance amplifiers versus voltage feedback types.<\/p>\n
The response was a shrug of the shoulders and the comment “it was easier.”<\/p>\n
Easier how? I never did inquire further. Recently however, I did find a reference to transconductance amplifiers being easier however there really was no explanation as to why (“OTAs – in comparison to voltage opamps<\/a> – can be easily realized as integrated circuits (simpler design, less stages).”). However I noticed that OTAs are often followed by a buffer stage that converts the output from a voltage to a current. So how can they be a simpler design unless both stages together are “simpler” than a voltage operational amplifier? I would welcome a designer\u2019s comments here.<\/p>\n I also recalled reading that voltage amplifiers are often internally compensated. Who gave you permission to take away the fun of closing the feedback loop?<\/p>\n My research did lead to some interesting comments on control signals, noise immunity, and bandwidth of operation. One blog response<\/a> talked about the ability to use a \u201cthird\u201d control of an OTA bias current thus enabling the ability to control the volume of multiple audio channels with a single signal. Xavier Ramus of Texas Instruments had both an IEEE presentation<\/a> and an Application Report<\/a> on noise immunity as well as bandwidth comparisons.<\/p>\n Another point that was made was OTA capacitors reference ground and should never have a capacitor across the feedback resistor. I read it, but I just can\u2019t find the reference again. There were also references to OTA\u2019s having faster slew rates<\/a>. There were distortion comparisons<\/a> of each of the devices as well as some hints on applications<\/a>.<\/p>\n As with any research effort, there were some niceties that surfaced. I find the most helpful little details in application notes and this search was no exception. As an applications engineer, I coined the phrase, “An app note a day. You\u2019re smarter that way.” It rang true here as there was a very useful reference to tracking down oscillations in the TI presentation by Ramus.<\/p>\n In the same manner that the research provided additional insight, there was some historical information as well. A tutorial<\/a> that was originally posted in 1985 and upgraded in 2000 was a stroll back in time to the evolution of today\u2019s integrated circuit. Of particular interest was the onset of CMOS and the references to biCMOS as technology transitioned. OK that period of time was only two thirds of my career however I\u2019d never admit to being that old.<\/p>\n Of course being a Bob Pease fan, I also searched \u201cPease transconductance\u201d and found articles on transistors<\/a> as well as op amps<\/a> written six years apart. As for Bob\u2019s personality, it shines through in the transistor article. BTW Bill Gates, transconductance is a common industry term so why is your software continuously underscoring it with an angry, red line?<\/p>\n One of these days I\u2019m going to sit down with a couple of evaluation boards, a scope, and perhaps some SPICE models and see for myself how this works. I\u2019ll do it right after I scan all of the photos of my kids growing up and paint all of the gorgeous scenes I see daily while travelling the west. In other words, fat chance of this ever happening. Finding two, well matched op amps of the voltage feedback and OTA style would be the first challenge and in itself could be an impossible task.<\/p>\n There is no closure in this particular blog as I would rather open a subject for the audience to debate and provide further information on. And for you the application engineer that is looking for a subject to write about, this debate seems to offer an opportunity to further the quest for analog information. The latest references I found were from 2013. An editor once told me that magazine subjects in technical journals resurfaced on the average of every eight months.<\/p>\n Maybe it\u2019s time for an update.<\/p>\n References<\/strong><\/p>\n “OTAs – in comparison to voltage opamps<\/a>“<\/p>\n “CMOS transconductance amplifiers, architectures and active filters: a tutorial<\/a>” 1985, updated in 2000, Sanchez-Sinencia and Silva-Martinez.<\/p>\n “Voltage feedback vs. current feedback amplifiers: Advantages and limitations<\/a>” IEEE presentation, Xavier Ramus, Texas Instruments, 2009.<\/p>\n “Demystifying the Operational Transconductance Amplifier<\/a>” SBOA117: A Texas Instruments Application Report, Xavier Ramus, May 2009 revised April 2013.<\/p>\n “What’s All This Transimpedance Amplifier Stuff, Anyhow? (Part 1)<\/a>” Jan 8, 2001 Bob Pease | Electronic Design.<\/p>\n “What’s All This Transconductance Stuff, Anyhow?<\/a>” Nov 21, 1994 Bob Pease | Electronic Design.<\/p>\n Scott Deuty is a power electronics consultant and technical author having spent much of his career writing technical documents and application notes. <\/em><\/p>\n This article first appeared on EE Times sister site Planet Analog <\/em><\/p>\n Related links and articles: <\/strong><\/p>\n How to increase your engineering value in just 20 minutes a day <\/a><\/p>\n Latchup in CMOS and its prevention <\/a><\/p>\n LDO design techniques for small spaces<\/a><\/p>\n Micropower Op Amp Drives 8-Channel 18-Bit Simultaneous Sampling ADC<\/a><\/p>\n